پژوهشی در باب نیاز در فرایــند طراحی از منظر اخـلاق نتیــجه گرا: مطالعه‌ی نسبت سـودمندی و لذت‌بخشــی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه طراحی صنعتی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی‌دکتری، گروه طراحی صنعتی، دانشکده طراحی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

اخلاق در هسته­ ی مفهوم طراحی قرار ­دارد و مطالعه مباحث اخلاقی در طراحی، بدون شناخت نیازهای انسان امکان­ پذیر نخواهد بود. علی رغم وجود دیدگاه ­های گوناگون از اخلاق در مسیر پاسخگویی به مسائل طراحی، هدف این مقاله بحث در مورد اولویت ­بخشی به نیاز­های انسان است و سودمندی و لذت­ بخشی حاصل از برآوردن نیازها را مورد چالش قرار می­ دهد. همچنین، حرکت در جهت خرسندی حاصل از طراحی را نوعی آرمان اخلاق­ مدار دانسته، که بدون توجه به مفاهیم سودمندی و لذت که در قالب نیازهای انسانی تجلی می­ یابند، دور از دسترس است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف پرداختن به نسبت سودمندی و لذت­ بخشی در فرایند طراحی و با بهره­ گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، تحقق نیازها و خواسته­ های انسانی را در جهت اخلاق با رویکرد نتیجه­ گرایی یا فایده­ گرایی کنکاش می­ کند. در این راستا، با طرح این پرسش کلی که تحقق نیاز در طراحی از منظر اخلاق نتیجه­ گرا چگونه است و با مروری بر ادبیات پیشین و بررسی اسناد در قالب کتب، مطالب و مقالات منتشر شده، داده­ های مورد نیاز تحلیل را فراهم می­ کند؟ نتایج تحلیل­ ها نشان می­ دهد که ارضای نیازهای ضروری و اساسی از طریق طراحی، فرایندی اخلاق­ مدار است که منجر به وقوع شادی از نوع یودایمونیک می­ شود. در این صورت نتیجه­ ی حاصل، پایدار و ماندگار است و تأثیر نامطلوبی بر جامعه، محیط­ زیست و اقتصاد نخواهد داشت. اما این امر به معنای نادیده­ گرفتن خواسته­ ها نبوده و آن­ چه موجب خرسندی می­ شود، ترتیب و توالی رسیدگی به نیازها و خواسته­ ها است. در غیر این صورت، توجه صرف به نیازها و برآورده­ ساختن آن­ ها بدون حرکت به سوی خواسته­ ها و ترجیحات، موجب نا­امیدی و شاید غم خواهد شد. بنابراین، می­ توان ادعا نمود که پارادوکسی بین هیجان، لذت و شادی با موضوع اخلاق و پایداری وجود ندارد.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Study on the Need in Design from the Perspective of Ethics: the Study of the Ratio of Usefulness and Pleasurable

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behzad Soleimani 1
  • Mahshid Barani 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Arts, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Design, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Ethics lies at the core of the concept of sustainability, and studying ethical issues in design would not be possible without understanding human needs. Despite the existence of different perspectives on ethics in responding to design issues, this article discusses ethics in design based on prioritizing human needs and challenges the usefulness and happiness derived from meeting those needs. Additionally, it considers the pursuit of happiness through design as a kind of ethical goal, which is inaccessible without considering the concepts of utility and happiness manifested in human needs. This research, employing an analytical-descriptive method, explores the fulfillment of human needs and desires towards ethics and sustainability. Therefore, by reviewing previous literature and theoretical foundations of ethics in design, it provides the necessary data for analysis based on document examination through books, articles, and published materials? The results of the analysis indicate that meeting essential and fundamental needs through design is an ethical process that leads to the occurrence of eudemonic happiness and well-being. In this case, the resulting outcome is sustainable and enduring, with no undesirable impact on society, the environment, and the economy. However, this does not mean ignoring desires, and what brings satisfaction is the sequence and prioritization of addressing needs and desires. Otherwise, focusing solely on needs and fulfilling them without moving towards desires and preferences may lead to disappointment and perhaps sorrow. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no inherent paradox between emotion, pleasure, and happiness and the principles of ethics and sustainability.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Needs
  • Desires
  • Ethics
  • Usefulness
  • Pleasurable
  • Happiness

مراجع

- اسلامی، لیدا؛ ماجدی، حمید؛ اعتصام، ایرج (1400)، طراحی همه شمول و معماری اخلاق مدار، فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فنّاوری، 16 (1)، شماره 1: 15-9.
- برادران توکلی، داود؛ سروری، هادی، وفامهر، محسن، خادم­ زاده، محمدحسن (1401)، بررسی تطبیقی بین وجوه اخلاق حرفه مهندسی و سبک زندگی اسلامی، فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فنّاوری، 17 (3): 20-13.
- مطلبی، قاسم (1385)، رویکردی انسانی به شکل­­ دهی و شکل­ گیری فضا­های شهری، هنرهای زیبا، دوره (27): 66 - 57 .
- Anjou, Philippe (2010), Beyond Duty and Virtue in Design Ethics. Design Issues: 26 (1), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Aristotle (2000), Nicomachean Ethics (R. Crisp, Trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Atak Ahmet, Şık Aydın (2019), Designer's Ethical Responsibility and Ethical, Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7(5): 255-263. DOI: 10.13189/ujme.2019.070502
- Becker, Christian (2019), Ethical Principles for Design, International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference DESIGN REVOLUTIONS, Manchester School of Art, Manchester Metropolitan University 02-05 September.
- Chitturi, R, Raghunathan, R, Mahajan, V (2008), Delight by Design: The Role of Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Benefits, Journal of Marketing 72 (May 2008): 48–63, American Marketing Association.
- Chitturi Ravindra, Rajagopal Raghunathan, Vijay Mahajan (2007), “Form Versus Function: How the Intensities of Specific Emotions Evoked in Functional Versus Hedonic Trade-Offs Mediate Product Preferences,” Journal of Marketing Research, 44 (November): 702–714.
- Choon, S, Yong, C, Tan, S, Tan, S (2022), A proposed integrated happiness framework to achieve sustainable development. Heliyon Journal, Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10813
- Cloutier, Scott, Pfeiffer, Deirdre (2015), Sustainability Through Happiness: A Framework for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, 23(5): 317–327. doi:10.1002/sd.1593 
- Corrigan-Kavanagh, Emily, Escobar-Tello, Carolina (2019), Art therapy techniques as a novel creative method for exploring sustainable design for home happiness within Service Design, Journal of Design Research, 16 (3/4): 175-195.
- Das, D (2020), Utilitarianism and longing for happiness, PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(6): 13246-13251.
- Desmet, P, Fokkinga, S (2020), Beyond Maslow’s Pyramid: Introducing a Typology of Thirteen Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design, Multimodal Technologies and Interaction. 4(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030038
- Dibakar, Pal (2022), Of Happiness J Huma Soci Scie, 5(3):283-286.
- Emma, Felton, Oksana Zelenko, and Suzi Vaughan (2012), Design and ethics: reflections on practice, By Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
- Escobar-Tello, Carolina (2016), A Design Framework to Build Sustainable Societies: Using Happiness as Leverage, The Design Journal, 19(1): 93-115. DOI: 10.1080/14606925.2016.1109206
- Gough, Ian (2017), Heat, Greed and Human Need, Human needs and sustainable wellbeing., 38–63. doi:10.4337/9781785365119.00010
- Hammersley, M, Traianou, A (2017), Ethics and educational research, London: TLRP. fromhttp://www.tlrp.org/capacity/rm/wt/traianou
- He, B, Li, F, Cao, C, Li, T (2020), Product Sustainable Design: A Review from the Environmental, Economic, and Social Aspects, Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, Vol. 20 / 040801-1.
- Ichendu, Chima. (2020), Morality and ethics in research, World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 08(03): 171–174. DOI: 30574/wjarr.2020.8.3.0470
- Jorgenson, A.K., Dietz, T (2015), Economic growth does not reduce the ecological intensity of human well-being, Sustain Sci (10): 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0264-6.
- Jun, S, Lowery, B. S., Guillory, L (2017), Keeping minorities happy: Hierarchy maintenance and Whites’ decreased support for highly identified White politicians, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(12): 1615-1629.
- Kant, I (1998), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (M. Gregor, Trans.), Cambridge: University Press. (Original work published 1785.)
- Kenny Feister, Megan (2016), Integrating Ethical Considerations in Design, ASEE’S 123rd Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, LA. American Society for Engineering Education.
- Klein, N (2015), This changes everything, London: Penguin Books.
- Larsen, R. J, Eid, M (2008), Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being, The science of subjective well-being, 1-13.
- Laspina, R (2014), Educational expenses: Needs vs wants, Retrieved from: https://onlinelearningtips.com/2014/04/educational-expenses-needs-vs-wants/.
- Martin, Mike W (2008), Paradoxes of happiness, 9(2): 171–184. doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9056-3 
- Özkaynak, B., Adaman, F. and Devine, P. (2012), The identity of ecological economics: Retrospects and prospects, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36(5): 1123–1142.
- Papanek, V (1971), Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change; Thames & Hudson: London, UK.
- Peprah, Balila, Mbokani, Evinta, Riziki (2019), The Mediating Effects of Needs and Wants on the Relationship between International Students’ Financial Stress and Learning Motivation and Financial Sustainability, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom, 5 (2): 613, Licensed under Creative Common. http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386
- Peterson, C, Seligman, M. E. P (2004), Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification, Oxford University Press.
- Petrovič, F, Murgaš, F (2020), Linking sustainability and happiness, What kind of happiness? GeoScape, 14(1): 70-79. https://doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2020-0007
- Rezai, Maziar, Khazaei, Mitra (2017), The Challenge of Being Activist-Designer, An attempt to understand the New Role of Designer in the Social change based on current experiences, The Design Journal, 20(1), S3516-S3535, DOI: 10.1080/14606925.2017.1352855
- Ruger, J.P. (2009), Health and Social Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Savvina, Olga (2016), Professional Ethics of Designers in Academic Process According to V. Papanek Conference Paper, Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education. 10.2991/icadce-16.2016.110
- Seligman, M.E.P (2002), Authentic Happiness, Atria Paperback, New York.
- Sharma, Ramji (2021), Tourism and Community Perception: Quest of Sustainability from Happiness Paradigm, Journal of Tourism & Adventure, 4:1, 1-23.
- Strickfaden, M., Thomas, J. (2022), (Re) storying Empathy in Design Thinking, MacEwan University.
- Tay, L, Diener, E (2011), Needs and subjective well-being around the world,  Pers. Soc. Psychol,101: 354–365.
- Vallet, F, Eynard, B, Millet, D, Mahut, S.G, Tyl, B, Bertoluci, G (2013), Using eco-design tools: An overview of experts’ practices,  Stud.(34): 345–377.
- Van Gorp, A. C. (2005), Ethical Issues in Engineering Design; Safety and Sustainability, Simon Stevin Series in the Philosophy of Technology, Delft.
- Vinney, C (2020), What’s the difference between eudaimonic and hedonic happiness? Available at: <thoughtco.com/eudaimonic-and-hedonic-happiness-4783750>
https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-morality-and-ethics

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 20 خرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 مهر 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 08 آبان 1403

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار